See cow in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Geordie",
"lang_code": "en-geo",
"word": "coo"
},
{
"lang": "Ottawa Valley",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "cou"
},
{
"lang": "Ottawa Valley",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "ceu"
},
{
"lang": "Ottawa Valley",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "kew"
},
{
"lang": "West Riding",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "caa"
},
{
"lang": "West Riding",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "cah"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "cow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "coo"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "coe"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "cou"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "keow"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "keouw"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "keowe"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:cū<id:cow>",
"id": "bovine"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*kōz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*kō\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"cū\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"cow\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"bovine\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"cow\" id=\"Middle_English:_bovine\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "cū",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English cū",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "cū"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English cū",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "",
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"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kū-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kōz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kōz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʷṓws"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English cū, from Proto-West Germanic *kū-, oblique stem of *kō (“cow”), from Proto-Germanic *kōz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ky",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kyn",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "inflection-table-top",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cow",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ky",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kyn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cow",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cowes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ky",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kyn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cou",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cowe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cu",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "kow",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "kowe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ku",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "cow",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ky",
"pl2": "kyn"
},
"expansion": "cow (plural ky or kyn)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Bovines",
"orig": "enm:Bovines",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Female animals",
"orig": "enm:Female animals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Livestock",
"orig": "enm:Livestock",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A cow (female bovine)"
],
"id": "en-cow-enm-noun-Otgr9FUE",
"links": [
[
"cow",
"cow#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "cowherde"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kuː/"
}
],
"word": "cow"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Geordie",
"lang_code": "en-geo",
"word": "coo"
},
{
"lang": "Ottawa Valley",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "cou"
},
{
"lang": "Ottawa Valley",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "ceu"
},
{
"lang": "Ottawa Valley",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "kew"
},
{
"lang": "West Riding",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "caa"
},
{
"lang": "West Riding",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "cah"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "cow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "coo"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "coe"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "cou"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "keow"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "keouw"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "keowe"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
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"3": "ang:cū<id:cow>",
"id": "bovine"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*kōz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*kō\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"cū\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"cow\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"bovine\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"cow\" id=\"Middle_English:_bovine\">",
"name": "etymon"
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{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
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{
"args": {
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"expansion": "Inherited",
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{
"args": {
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"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English cū",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "cū"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English cū",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "",
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"name": "inh"
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{
"args": {
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"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kōz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kōz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʷṓws"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English cū, from Proto-West Germanic *kū-, oblique stem of *kō (“cow”), from Proto-Germanic *kōz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ky",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kyn",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "inflection-table-top",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cow",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ky",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kyn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cow",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cowes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ky",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kyn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cou",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cowe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cu",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "kow",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "kowe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ku",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "cow",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ky",
"pl2": "kyn"
},
"expansion": "cow (plural ky or kyn)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "cowherde"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English consonant stem nouns",
"Middle English entries with etymon",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *gʷṓws",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"enm:Bovines",
"enm:Female animals",
"enm:Livestock"
],
"glosses": [
"A cow (female bovine)"
],
"links": [
[
"cow",
"cow#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kuː/"
}
],
"word": "cow"
}
Download raw JSONL data for cow meaning in Middle English (5.1kB)
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"called_from": "parser/328",
"msg": "TABLE not properly closed",
"path": [
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],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cow",
"trace": "started on line 3, detected on line 22"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <div> not properly closed",
"path": [
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],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cow",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 22"
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: '(nominative/accusative)'",
"path": [
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],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "noun",
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"trace": ""
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{
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"section": "Middle English",
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This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-08-05 using wiktextract (872fc7b and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.